Phytochemistry and therapeutic potential of black pepper [Piper nigrum (L.)] essential oil and piperine: a review

Abstract Background Black pepper [ Piper nigrum (L.), Family: Piperaceae] is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases including; cough, cold, dyspnea throat diseases, intermittent fever, dysentery, stomachache, worms and piles. The pharmacological potential black due to presence metabolites like phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc. multipurpose use dried seeds has several other beneficial health effects that also received in light traditional as well current medicine perspectives. review aims discuss botany, phytochemical constituents, properties piperine essential oil (BPEO). Results Phytochemical analyses have described main chemical constituents pepper, including carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids carotenoids. volatile content ranges from 0.4 7 % berries. major BPEO are sabinene, 3-carene, D-limonene, ?-pinene, caryophyllene, ?-phellandrene, ?-phellandrene, ?-thujene, ?-bisabolene. Additionally, naturally occurring principal bioactive alkaloid constituent owing its therapeutic properties, cerebral brain functioning increased nutrient absorption. biological roles, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, insecticidal activities. Conclusions This examines presents appropriate evidence on uses activities piperine. Although previous reports showed diverse constitutes BPEO. Thus, minimal investigations were conducted using animal models, many these studies lacked experimental setting doses, control details. Hence, future necessary understand mechanism piperine, BPEO, their upon by models humans with proper procedure which we can facilitate protection human diseases.